Named after Dr. Burrill B. Crohn, who first described the disease in
1932 along with colleagues Dr. Leon Ginzburg and Dr. Gordon D.
Oppenheimer, Crohn’s disease belongs to a group of conditions known as
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD). Crohn’s disease is a chronic
inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract.
When reading about inflammatory bowel diseases, it is important to know that Crohn’s disease is not the same thing as
ulcerative colitis,
another type of IBD. The symptoms of these two illnesses are quite
similar, but the areas affected in the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
are different.
Crohn’s most commonly affects the end of the small bowel (the ileum)
and the beginning of the colon, but it may affect any part of the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract, from the mouth to the anus. Ulcerative
colitis is limited to the colon, also called the large intestine.
Download an illustration of the GI Tract (.pdf)
Crohn’s disease can also affect the entire thickness of the bowel
wall, while ulcerative colitis only involves the innermost lining of the
colon. Finally, in Crohn’s disease, the inflammation of the intestine
can “skip”-- leaving normal areas in between patches of diseased
intestine. In ulcerative colitis this does not occur.
Watch this webcast to learn more about Crohn's disease.
Recognizing the Signs and Symptoms
Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the GI tract. While symptoms
vary from patient to patient and some may be more common than others,
the tell-tale symptoms of Crohn’s disease include:
Symptoms related to inflammation of the GI tract:
- Persistent Diarrhea
- Rectal bleeding
- Urgent need to move bowels
- Abdominal cramps and pain
- Sensation of incomplete evacuation
- Constipation (can lead to bowel obstruction)
General symptoms that may also be associated with IBD:
- Fever
- Loss of appetite
- Weight Loss
- Fatigue
- Night sweats
- Loss of normal menstrual cycle
Even if you think you are showing signs of Crohn’s Disease symptoms,
only proper testing performed by your doctor can render a diagnosis.
People suffering from Crohn’s often experience loss of appetite and
may lose weight as a result. A feeling of low energy and fatigue is also
common. Among younger children, Crohn's may delay growth and
development.
Crohn's is a chronic disease, so this means patients will likely
experience periods when the disease flares up and causes symptoms,
followed by periods of remission when patients may not notices symptoms
at all.
In more severe cases, Crohn’s can lead to tears (fissures) in the
lining of the anus, which may cause pain and bleeding, especially during
bowel movements. Inflammation may also cause a fistula to develop. A
fistula is a tunnel that leads from one loop of intestine to another, or
that connects the intestine to the bladder, vagina, or skin. This is a
serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.
The symptoms you or your loved one experience may depend on which part of the GI tract is affected. Read more about the
Types of Crohn's Disease and Associated Symptoms.
What are the Causes of Crohn’s Disease? Who is Affected?
Crohn’s disease may affect as many as 780,000 Americans. Men and
Women are equally likely to be affected, and while the disease can occur
at any age, Crohn's is more prevalent among adolescents and young
adults between the ages of 15 and 35.
The causes of Crohn’s Disease are not well understood. Diet and
stress may aggravate Crohn’s Disease, but they do not cause the disease
on their own. Recent research suggests hereditary, genetics, and/or
environmental factors contribute to the development of Crohn’s Disease.
The GI tract normally contains harmless bacteria, many of which aid
in digestion. The immune system usually attacks and kills foreign
invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms.
Under normal circumstances, the harmless bacteria in the intestines are
protected from such an attack. In people with IBD, these bacteria are
mistaken for harmful invaders and the immune system mounts a response.
Cells travel out of the blood to the intestines and produce inflammation
(a normal immune system response). However, the inflammation does not
subside, leading to chronic inflammation, ulceration, thickening of the
intestinal wall, and eventually causing patient symptoms.
Crohn’s tends to run in families, so if you or a close relative have
the disease, your family members have a significantly increased chance
of developing Crohn’s. Studies have shown that 5% to 20% of affected
individuals have a first – degree relative (parents, child, or sibling)
with one of the diseases. The risk is greater with Crohn’s disease than
ulcerative colitis. The risk is also substantially higher when both
parents have IBD. The disease is most common among people of eastern
European backgrounds, including Jews of European descent. In recent
years, an increasing number of cases have been reported among African
American populations.
The environment in which you live also appears to play a role.
Crohn’s is more common in developed countries rather than undeveloped
countries, in urban rather than rural areas, and in northern rather than
southern climates.